Andrei Markov didn't agree with Pavel Nekrasov, when he said independence between variables was necessary for the Weak Law of Large Numbers to be applied. When you collect independent samples, as the number of samples gets bigger, the mean of those samples converges to the true mean of the population. But Markov believed independence was not a necessary condition for the mean to converge. So he set out to define how the average of the outcomes from a process involving dependent random variables could converge over time. Thanks to this intellectual disagreement, Markov created a way to describe how random, also called stochastic, systems or processes evolve over time.

Andrei Markov didn't agree with Pavel Nebrasov, when he said independence between variables was necessary for the Weak Law of Large Numbers to be applied. When you collect independent samples, as the number of samples gets bigger, the mean of those samples converges to the true mean of the population. But Markov believed independence was not a necessary condition for the mean to converge. So he set out to define how the average of the outcomes from a process involving dependent random variables could converge over time. Thanks to this intellectual disagreement, Markov created a way to describe how random, also called stochastic, systems or processes evolve over time.

More and more, when you apply for a job, ask for a raise, or wait for your work schedule, AI is choosing your fate. Alarmingly, many job applicants never realize that they are being evaluated by a computer, and they have almost no recourse when the software is biased, makes a mistake, or fails to accommodate a disability. While New York City has taken the important step of trying to address the threat of AI bias, the problem is that the rules pending before the City Council are bad, really bad, and we should listen to the activists speaking out before it's too late. Some advocates are calling for amendments to this legislation, such as expanding definitions of discrimination beyond race and gender, increasing transparency, and covering the use of AI tools in hiring, not just their sale. But many more problems plague the current bill, which is why a ban on the technology is presently preferable to a bill that sounds better than it actually is.